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Related Concept Videos

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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The relative strength of an acid or base is the extent to which it ionizes when dissolved in water. If the ionization reaction is essentially complete, the acid or base is termed strong; if relatively little ionization occurs, the acid or base is weak. There are many more weak acids and bases than strong ones. The most common strong acids and bases are listed below:
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A Thermal Flow Sensor Based on Printed Circuit Technology in Constant Temperature Mode for Various Fluids.

Thomas Glatzl1, Roman Beigelbeck2, Samir Cerimovic3

  • 1Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, Viktor Kaplan Strasse 2 E, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria. thomas.glatzl@donau-uni.ac.at.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2019
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Summary

This study introduces a cost-effective thermal flow sensor for HVAC systems, measuring air and water flow using a calorimetric principle. Printed circuit board technology enables mass production, validated by 2D-FEM simulations and real-world measurements.

Keywords:
CT modeHVAC systemscalorimetricprinted circuit boardthermal flow sensor

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Area of Science:

  • * Sensor Technology
  • * Fluid Dynamics
  • * HVAC Systems

Background:

  • * Accurate flow velocity measurement is crucial for efficient operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
  • * Existing flow sensors may lack cost-effectiveness or versatility for different fluids and pipe diameters.
  • * The calorimetric principle offers a robust method for fluid flow detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To develop and validate a low-cost, versatile thermal flow sensor for air and water in HVAC applications.
  • * To utilize printed circuit board (PCB) technology for mass production and cost reduction.
  • * To employ 2D-Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for predicting sensor performance.

Main Methods:

  • * Design of a thermal flow sensor based on the calorimetric principle operating in constant temperature mode.
  • * Fabrication of the sensor transducer using standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology.
  • * Implementation of 2D-FEM simulations to model sensor characteristics and fluid behavior.
  • * Experimental validation of simulation results through measurements in real environments.

Main Results:

  • * The developed thermal flow sensor effectively measures air and water flow velocities and volume flow rates.
  • * PCB fabrication allows for cost-effective mass production and adaptability to various form factors.
  • * 2D-FEM simulations accurately predict sensor performance across different fluids, validated by experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • * The novel thermal flow sensor offers a cost-effective and reliable solution for HVAC flow monitoring.
  • * PCB technology integration significantly reduces manufacturing costs and enables scalability.
  • * The validated FEM simulation approach provides a powerful tool for rapid sensor design and optimization.