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Jumping dynamics of aquatic animals.

Brian Chang1,2, Jihye Myeong3, Emmanuel Virot4,5

  • 11 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061 , USA.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animals jump out of water by balancing power against drag. Maximum jumping height scales with body length, with distinct regimes for partial and complete exits, influenced by fluid entrainment.

Keywords:
aquatic animalsfluid mechanicsjumpingwater exit

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Animal Locomotion

Background:

  • Aquatic and semi-aquatic animals exhibit jumping behaviors, but the underlying physical principles are not well-defined.
  • Understanding the physical constraints for water exit is crucial for diverse species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the physical conditions and constraints governing an animal's ability to jump out of water.
  • To develop a theoretical model predicting jumping height based on physical parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 100 jumps across five taxonomic groups.
  • Simplified experiments using axisymmetric bodies to identify jumping regimes.
  • Design and testing of a bioinspired robotic flapping mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Identified scaling laws for jumping height: H/L ∼ Fr for partial exits and H/L ∼ Fr² for complete exits, where Fr is the Froude number.
  • Demonstrated that the mass of entrained fluid relative to body mass significantly limits jumping height.
  • Observed that animals achieve greater heights than robots due to minimal fluid entrainment.

Conclusions:

  • The ratio of entrained fluid mass to body mass is a key determinant of maximum jumping height.
  • Animals' ability to minimize fluid entrainment explains their superior jumping heights compared to robotic models.