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Identifying and Engineering Genes for Parthenogenesis in Plants.

Kitty Vijverberg1, Peggy Ozias-Akins2, M Eric Schranz1

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Parthenogenesis, the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg, can be engineered in plants. Identifying and transferring genes like PsASGR-BabyBoom-Like enables clonal seed production and accelerates plant breeding.

Keywords:
PennisetumPsASGR-BabyBoom-Like (PsASGR-BBML)Taraxacumapomixisdoubled haploidsembryo inductionembryogenesisparthenogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Plant breeding and genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Parthenogenesis is the spontaneous development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, occurring naturally in various species.
  • In plants, it's often linked with apomeiosis and specific endosperm formation types, collectively termed apomixis for clonal seed production.
  • Initiating embryogenesis in vitro and in vivo offers significant potential for plant breeding, including rapid production of doubled haploids and maintenance of F1-hybrids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on parthenogenesis in plants, including gene identification and applications in breeding.
  • To explore gene candidates for parthenogenesis beyond grasses and their functional roles.
  • To summarize the independent function of parthenogenesis from apomeiosis and endosperm formation, and its role in embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of parthenogenesis genes using map-based cloning and comparative gene expression studies in natural apomicts.
  • Engineering parthenogenesis in sexual model species through mutagenesis and gain-of-function strategies.
  • Transfer and functional analysis of identified genes (e.g., PsASGR-BabyBoom-Like) in different plant species.

Main Results:

  • The gene PsASGR-BabyBoom-Like was isolated from apomictic Pennisetum and proven functional in sexual pearl millet, rice, and maize.
  • Parthenogenesis can function independently of apomeiosis and endosperm formation, being expressed and active in the egg cell.
  • Genes involved in transcription suppression and those promoting embryogenesis are crucial for parthenogenetic reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • Parthenogenesis can induce embryogenesis in haploid, diploid, and polyploid egg cells, offering versatility in plant breeding.
  • Functional endosperm is essential for successful embryo growth and viable seed production, even when parthenogenesis is induced.
  • Engineering parthenogenesis holds significant promise for accelerating crop improvement through methods like doubled haploid production and clonal seed systems.