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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

8.9K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.2K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

4.5K
As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
4.5K
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:15

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

3.3K
The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
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Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

23.9K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Protein Complex Affinity Capture from Cryomilled Mammalian Cells
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Published on: December 9, 2016

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Protein-Catalyzed Capture Agents.

Heather D Agnew1, Matthew B Coppock2, Matthew N Idso3

  • 1Indi Molecular, Inc. , 6162 Bristol Parkway , Culver City , California 90230 , United States.

Chemical Reviews
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Protein-catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are modular peptide affinity agents developed using in situ click chemistry screens. These agents show broad utility in protein detection, inhibition, folding modulation, and in vivo imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein-catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are synthetic peptide-based affinity agents.
  • Their development is inspired by pioneering work using in situ click chemistry for inhibitor development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide historical context and a broader scope of PCCs within biological and synthetic aptamers.
  • To present the evolution of PCCs into Generation I and Generation II, focusing on epitope-targeted development.
  • To statistically compare Generation II PCCs with monoclonal antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing single-generation in situ click chemistry screens against large peptide libraries.
  • Employing target proteins or synthetic epitope fragments as templates for selective click reactions.
  • Developing Generation II PCCs from macrocyclic peptide libraries for precise epitope targeting.

Main Results:

  • PCCs have demonstrated broad utility in selective protein detection, inhibition, protein folding modulation, and in vivo tumor imaging.
  • Generation II PCCs offer precise epitope targeting, representing an advancement over Generation I.
  • Statistical comparisons indicate the efficacy of Generation II PCCs relative to monoclonal antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • PCCs represent a versatile class of synthetic affinity agents with significant potential in various biological and medical applications.
  • Epitope-targeted Generation II PCCs provide a powerful tool for protein research and therapeutic development.
  • Further research into current challenges and future opportunities will enhance the capabilities of PCCs.