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Related Concept Videos

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Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Osteoblast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement.

Robert Holland1, Carol Bain2, Achint Utreja3

  • 1Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in mice shows early osteoblast marker expression peaking at 2-4 days, followed by increased osteoclast activity. Bone volume decreases during OTM, with a delayed osteoclast response.

Keywords:
orthodontic tooth movementosteoblastosteoclast

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3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthodontics
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves complex cellular responses in the periodontal ligament (PDL).
  • Understanding the temporal dynamics of osteoblast and osteoclast activity is crucial for optimizing treatment and preventing complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze osteoblast differentiation markers and osteoclast activity in the PDL during OTM.
  • To investigate the timeline of cellular responses at 2, 4, and 7 days post-force application in an animal model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model (C57BL/6 wild-type) with orthodontic force applied to the maxillary first molar.
  • Employed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for bone volume analysis.
  • Performed histological analysis including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining for osteoclasts and immunohistochemistry for osteoblast markers (α-SMA, OP, OC).

Main Results:

  • Micro-CT revealed increasing OTM and decreasing bone volume at 4 and 7 days.
  • Osteoblast marker expression (α-SMA, OP, OC) significantly increased compared to controls.
  • TRAP expression (osteoclast activity) was highest at 4 and 7 days, while α-SMA peaked at 2 days and OP/OC at 4 days.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-osteoblast proliferation peaks at 2 days, and osteoid mineralization peaks at 4 days during OTM.
  • Osteoclast response to OTM is initiated but shows a delayed pattern compared to osteoblast activity.
  • These findings provide insights into the cellular mechanisms guiding OTM and bone remodeling.