Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Electrical Current

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).

Language and Cognition

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...

Cognition and Behavior

Cognition and Behavior

Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Community Navigation: Iterative Development and Implementation of a Prenatal Psychosocial System of Care.

Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research·2026

Same author

Arresting the whiteness pandemic? Changes in whiteness socialization in Minneapolis following Chauvin's arrest and conviction for murdering #GeorgeFloyd.

The American psychologist·2026

Same author

Psilocybin-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder: A pilot trial.

Journal of affective disorders·2026

Same author

Resilience of Families with Children Across COVID-19: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Stability and Change.

Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53·2025

Same author

Children's Sensitivity to Facial Emotional Expressions: The Mediating Roles of Maternal Warmth and Home Environment.

Developmental science·2025

Same author

Screen time, problematic media use, and clinical concerns in the ABCD Study: Differences by sex and race/ethnicity.

Development and psychopathology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

Cognitive Functioning in Children with Down Syndrome: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.

Angela F Lukowski¹, Helen M Milojevich², Lauren Eales³

¹Department of Psychological Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.

Advances in Child Development and Behavior

|March 9, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) face cognitive challenges but benefit from early interventions. Understanding their cognitive development is key for future health and educational success.

Keywords:

Cognition Down syndrome Executive functioning Intelligence Language Memory

More Related Videos

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: July 28, 2009

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Published on: April 8, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

Published on: February 15, 2015

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: July 28, 2009

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Published on: April 8, 2019

Area of Science:

Neurodevelopmental disorders
Pediatric cognitive function

Background:

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with unique cognitive profiles.
Individuals with DS are living longer, healthier lives.
Early cognitive assessment is crucial for intervention and long-term planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize current literature on cognitive functioning in infants and children with Down syndrome.
To identify specific cognitive domains where children with DS differ from typically developing peers.
To highlight critical issues and future research directions in DS cognitive development.

Main Methods:

Literature synthesis of studies on cognitive functioning in Down syndrome.
Focus on general intelligence (IQ), language, memory, and executive functions.
Analysis of cognitive development in early life for Down syndrome populations.

Main Results:

Children with DS exhibit specific cognitive challenges compared to typically developing peers.
Cognitive functioning in early life is a predictor of long-term cognitive trajectory.
Individuals with DS have an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease later in life.

Conclusions:

Early understanding of cognitive competencies in DS is vital for targeted interventions.
Further longitudinal research is needed to track cognitive stability and change over time in DS.
Improved knowledge supports better planning for educational and health outcomes in Down syndrome.