Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery

Piotr S Kowalski1, Arnab Rudra2, Lei Miao1

  • 1David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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