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Updated: Jan 28, 2026
Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
Published on: October 17, 2018
Abnormal submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise parameters predict impaired peak exercise performance in sickle cell
Adam W Powell1,2, Tarek Alsaied1,2, Omar Niss2,3
1Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Purpose:
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients frequently have many comorbidities, including diastolic dysfunction (DD) and exercise intolerance. SCA patients often cannot reach maximal effort on exercise testing; little is known regarding whether submaximal exercise parameters can predict abnormal maximal exercise results in SCA patients and if there are any possible associations with DD.
Methods:
A prospective longitudinal study was performed in SCA patients. All patients had a resting cardiac MRI (CMR), cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with cycle ergometry using a ramp protocol, and an echocardiogram. Exercise data were compared with age-, gender-, and size-matched normal controls.
Results:
Compared with normal controls, the SCA group (n = 19) had lower mean max oxygen consumption (VO2 ; 1378 ± 412 mL/min vs 2237 ± 580, P < 0.01) and workload (117 ± 37.6 watts vs 175 ± 50.5 watts, P = 0.0003). When evaluating the submaximal exercise parameters, there was lower VO2 at the anaerobic threshold (AT; 950 ± 311.7 vs 1460 ± 409.9, P < 0.01) and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) at AT (1512 ± 426.2 vs 2080 ± 339, P < 0.01). The max VO2 strongly correlated with VO2 at AT (r = 0.9, P < 0.01) and OUES (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) at AT. The VO2 at AT correlated with hematocrit (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). The OUES correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction by CMR (r = 0.55, P = 0.01), hematocrit (r = 0.52, P = 0.02), and lateral E/e' (r = -0.54, P = 0.01).
Conclusions:
SCA patients have abnormal submaximal exercise measures compared with controls, which is strongly associated with abnormal maximal exercise results. The degree of submaximal abnormality correlates with DD abnormalities by echocardiography. These data expand the scope of functional cardiovascular abnormalities in SCA.
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