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Related Concept Videos

Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

35.8K
Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
The first step in the unit conversion is to list the given units and the units required...
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Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Distance Problem01:29

Distance Problem

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When an object's velocity changes over time, the total distance traveled can be determined by summing small displacement intervals over short increments. This approach approximates the true distance through numerical summation and the use of integral calculus. An estimate of the total displacement can be obtained by measuring velocity at regular intervals and multiplying each value by the corresponding time step.If a runner accelerates over the first three seconds of a race, speed measurements...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes
07:44

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Published on: November 16, 2018

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The Influence of Distance on Radiant Exposure and Degree of Conversion Using Different Light-Emitting-Diode Curing

A O Al-Zain, G J Eckert, J A Platt

    Operative Dentistry
    |March 9, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Curing distance did not significantly affect resin-based composite degree of conversion (DC) when radiant exposure was consistent. However, light-curing unit type influenced DC, and a moderate-strong correlation existed between irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental Materials Science
    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Photopolymerization

    Background:

    • Optimizing light-curing parameters is crucial for achieving adequate conversion in resin-based composites (RBCs).
    • Curing distance and light-curing unit (LCU) characteristics can influence the effectiveness of photopolymerization.
    • Understanding these relationships is vital for predictable clinical outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the impact of curing distance (2 mm vs. 8 mm) on the degree of conversion (DC) of an RBC.
    • To compare DC across six different light-curing units (LCUs) while maintaining consistent radiant exposure.
    • To investigate the correlations between irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC.

    Main Methods:

    • Nanohybrid-dual-photoinitiator RBC specimens were cured using six LCUs at 2 mm and 8 mm distances.
    • Irradiance and DC were measured on both top and bottom surfaces using micro-Raman spectroscopy.
    • Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients to assess the effects of distance, LCU, and their associations with DC.

    Main Results:

    • No significant difference in DC was found between 2 mm and 8 mm distances for most LCUs, with overall DC ranging from 63.21% to 70.28%.
    • Significant variations in DC were observed among the different LCUs.
    • Irradiance and radiant exposure were lower on the bottom surfaces, and a strong correlation between irradiance and radiant exposure did not always translate to a strong correlation with DC.

    Conclusions:

    • Consistent top-surface radiant exposure is key for achieving adequate RBC conversion (>63%), irrespective of moderate increases in curing distance.
    • The choice of LCU significantly impacts the achievable DC.
    • A moderate-to-strong correlation exists among irradiance, radiant exposure, and DC, highlighting the interplay of these factors in photopolymerization.