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How adaptive plasticity evolves when selected against.

Alfredo Rago1,2, Kostas Kouvaris2, Tobias Uller1

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Adaptive plasticity evolves in changing environments not through direct selection, but as a byproduct of inefficient short-term selection. This allows populations to maintain long-term fitness even with short-term costs.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics
  • Ecological Adaptation

Background:

  • Adaptive plasticity enhances organismal fitness in fluctuating environments.
  • Individual selection favors immediate fitness, potentially hindering the evolution of plasticity in coarse-grained environments.
  • Lineage selection is a proposed mechanism for evolving plasticity when environments change slowly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of adaptive plasticity in coarse-grained environments without invoking lineage selection.
  • To propose an alternative mechanism for the evolution of adaptive plasticity.
  • To understand the role of selection efficiency and environmental change rate on plasticity evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of population dynamics under varying environmental conditions.
  • Analysis of genetic change and phenotypic evolution across generations.
  • Exploration of the impact of selection efficiency, mutation rate, and environmental change rate.

Main Results:

  • Adaptive plasticity can evolve as a byproduct of inefficient short-term natural selection.
  • Populations prioritizing short-term optima exhibit reduced long-term fitness.
  • Limited genetic change per environment promotes long-term adaptive plasticity, even with short-term costs.
  • The mechanism is linked to the concept of learning rate and is robust to changes in selection efficiency and mutation rates.

Conclusions:

  • Inefficient short-term selection can inadvertently lead to the evolution of beneficial long-term adaptive plasticity.
  • Plasticity can evolve without direct selection pressure at the individual or lineage level.
  • Understanding selection efficiency is crucial for explaining the evolution of complex adaptive traits.