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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation01:10

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Signal processing techniques are essential for accurately converting continuous signals to digital formats and vice versa. When a continuous signal is sampled with a period T, the resulting sampled signal exhibits replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain, spaced at intervals equal to the sampling frequency. To handle this sampled signal, a zero-order hold method can be applied, which creates a piecewise constant signal by retaining each sample's value until the next...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Oncologic Reconstruction.

Robert F Dempsey1, Daniel C Chelius2, William C Pederson1

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, CC 610.00, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery
|March 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Reconstructing pediatric head and face defects requires careful planning for growth. Microsurgical techniques and local tissues enable successful reconstruction in children, despite unique challenges.

Keywords:
Pediatric craniofacial surgeryPediatric head and face tumorsPediatric microsurgeryPediatric oncologyPediatric reconstructionVirtual surgical planning

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Pediatric head and face defect reconstruction presents unique challenges compared to adults.
  • Considerations include future growth, skeletal maturity, and potential staged procedures.
  • Limited donor sites, smaller vessel anastomoses, and variable patient compliance add complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles and techniques for reconstructing head and face defects in pediatric patients.
  • To highlight the safety and efficacy of microsurgical approaches in this population.
  • To discuss strategies for managing growth-related issues and optimizing outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pediatric craniofacial reconstruction.
  • Analysis of microsurgical techniques applied to pediatric head and face defects.
  • Discussion of local tissue utilization and temporizing strategies.

Main Results:

  • Successful reconstruction of composite bony and soft tissue defects is achievable.
  • Isolated soft tissue defects can also be effectively managed.
  • Microsurgical techniques and local tissues are safe and effective in pediatric patients.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric head and face reconstruction demands specialized approaches considering growth and development.
  • Microsurgical reconstruction using local tissues is a viable and safe option for pediatric defects.
  • Careful planning and technique selection are crucial for optimal long-term outcomes in children.