Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

51.9K
Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
51.9K
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

335
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
335
Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

7.0K
Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
7.0K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.1K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.1K
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.9K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.9K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.8K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Daily relationship between air pollution and physical activity in an industrial region.

Applied psychology. Health and well-being·2026
Same author

Promoting Self-Regulated Social Media Use on Smartphones With a Mobile Intervention App (Wellspent): Randomized Controlled Trial.

JMIR mHealth and uHealth·2026
Same author

Out-of-home mobility enhancement by a physiotherapist-led motivational counselling intervention among rural community-dwelling older adults 75+: the MOBILE RCT.

BMC geriatrics·2026
Same author

Evaluating the Public Climate School, a multi-component school-based program to promote climate awareness and action in students: A cluster-controlled pilot study.

The journal of climate change and health·2026
Same author

How ALD Settings May Affect the Chemical Structure of the (Zn<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Sn<sub><i>x</i></sub>)O<sub><i>y</i></sub>/Wide-Gap (Ag,Cu)GaSe<sub>2</sub> Thin-Film Solar Cell Interface.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

The temporal dynamics of the association between daily physical activity and life satisfaction.

Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells
09:19

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Published on: October 3, 2018

8.8K

Microstructural Characterization of Sulfurization Effects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells.

Hisham Aboulfadl1, Jan Keller2, Jes Larsen2

  • 1Department of Physics,Chalmers University of Technology,41296 Göteborg,Sweden.

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
|March 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Surface sulfurization of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGSe) absorbers creates distinct sulfur-rich layers and grain boundary segregation. This detailed chemical analysis reveals crucial insights into the material

Keywords:
Cu(InGa)Se2atom probesolar cellssurface treatmentthin films

More Related Videos

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
11:38

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

19.0K
Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells
09:01

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells
09:19

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Published on: October 3, 2018

8.8K
Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
11:38

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

19.0K
Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells
09:01

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.6K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Semiconductor Physics

Background:

  • Surface sulfurization of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGSe) absorbers is key to enhancing solar cell efficiency.
  • Device performance relies heavily on the thermodynamic stability of the CIGSe surface structure post-sulfurization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct high-resolution chemical analysis of CIGSe absorbers after surface sulfurization.
  • To determine sulfur incorporation and chemical redistribution within the absorber material.

Main Methods:

  • Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) for elemental analysis.
  • Laser-pulsed atom probe tomography (LP-APT) for 3D chemical mapping.
  • Post-sulfurization treatment involving exposure to elemental sulfur vapor at 500°C for 20 minutes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of two distinct sulfur-rich phases at the CIGSe surface with layered In-rich and Ga-rich zones.
  • Observation of sulfur segregation at absorber grain boundaries, with concentrations up to ~7 at%.
  • Evidence of outward sulfur diffusion from grain boundaries into the grain interior.

Conclusions:

  • Surface sulfurization leads to complex chemical redistribution in CIGSe absorbers.
  • Understanding these sulfur-rich phases and grain boundary segregation is critical for optimizing CIGSe solar cell performance and stability.