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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Use of Apple-Derived Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Enzymatic crosslinked gelatin 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Mari Carmen Echave1, Carolina Pimenta-Lopes2, José Luis Pedraz1

  • 1NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|March 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Microbial transglutaminase crosslinked gelatin scaffolds show promise for bone tissue engineering. These biocompatible scaffolds support osteogenic differentiation and controlled release of growth factors, aiding bone regeneration.

Keywords:
BoneDrug deliveryGelatinScaffoldTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Bone regeneration is limited in certain pathologies.
  • Tissue engineering offers solutions for bone repair.
  • Gelatin-based scaffolds are explored for bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Fabricate and characterize microbial transglutaminase crosslinked gelatin scaffolds.
  • Evaluate scaffolds as cell substrates and growth factor delivery systems.
  • Assess the potential for bone tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Scaffold fabrication using microbial transglutaminase crosslinked gelatin.
  • Morphological, biomechanical, and biocompatibility testing.
  • In vitro cell culture with fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and osteoblasts.
  • Analysis of osteogenic differentiation and gene expression.
  • In vitro release kinetics of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2).

Main Results:

  • Enzyme ratio impacts scaffold swelling and mechanical properties.
  • Scaffolds demonstrated no cytotoxicity.
  • Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and signaling in MSCs.
  • Increased expression of osteoblast-related genes (Col1a1, Runx2, Osx) in MSCs.
  • Growth factor release followed first-order kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial transglutaminase crosslinked gelatin scaffolds are biocompatible and non-cytotoxic.
  • Scaffolds effectively promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
  • The developed scaffolds are suitable for bone tissue regeneration applications.
  • Controlled release of VEGF and BMP-2 is achievable.