Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Free Jet

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Author Correction: Pr and Pfr structures of plant phytochrome A.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Minimized sample consumption for time-resolved serial crystallography applied to the redox cycle of human NQO1.

Communications chemistry·2026

Same author

Standard Sample Preparation for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography.

Biomolecules·2025

Same author

The Single-Particle, Clusters and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser: Interaction Region Downstream at atmospheric pressure (IRD).

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2025

Same author

Pr and Pfr structures of plant phytochrome A.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Coaxial helium electrospray for single-particle imaging at X-ray free electron lasers.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2025

Same journal

Launching a new era for Short Communications in Journal of Synchrotron Radiation.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same journal

Sagittal collimating diaboloid: a new grazing-incidence mirror surface for higher-throughput resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometers.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same journal

Synchrotron X-ray tomography and spectroscopy in numismatics: disclosing counterfeit practices in medieval silver coins.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same journal

The Big Data Science Center at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility: the architecture of the superfacility.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same journal

A robotic and high-throughput X-ray micro-computed tomography workflow.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same journal

Evolution of hierarchical phase-contrast tomography on the European Synchrotron beamlines BM05 and BM18: a whole adult human brain imaging case study.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Published on: May 9, 2020

A versatile liquid-jet setup for the European XFEL.

J Schulz¹, J Bielecki¹, R B Doak²

¹European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|March 12, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The European XFEL

Keywords:

FEL physics instrumentation liquid jets sample delivery

More Related Videos

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Published on: February 21, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

Published on: May 9, 2020

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Published on: February 21, 2014

Area of Science:

Structural Biology
X-ray Crystallography
Biophysics

Background:

High-throughput serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) requires advanced sample delivery systems.
The SPB/SFX instrument at the European XFEL enables novel crystallography experiments.
Efficient sample delivery is crucial for maximizing data collection in SFX.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the novel liquid-jet sample delivery setup for the SPB/SFX instrument.
To detail the capabilities and compatibility of the new sample delivery system.
To demonstrate visual control mechanisms for the liquid jets.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a versatile liquid-jet system compatible with gas dynamic virtual nozzles and high-viscosity extruders.
Integration of a differentially pumped catcher assembly for jet confinement.
Utilization of a dual-microscope imaging system for real-time jet visualization.

Main Results:

The liquid-jet setup supports various sample delivery devices, including state-of-the-art systems.
Rapid sample jet replacement (within minutes) is achievable via a load-lock mechanism.
The two-microscope system provides comprehensive visual monitoring of the liquid jets.

Conclusions:

The developed liquid-jet sample delivery system enhances the capabilities of the SPB/SFX instrument for high-throughput SFX.
The system's flexibility and rapid exchange facilitate efficient experimental workflows.
This setup is a key advancement for serial femtosecond crystallography at the European XFEL.