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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

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[Advanced skull defect repair].

V I Sharobaro1, A G Gavrilov2, Yu V Ivanov3

  • 1Federal Scientific Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.

Khirurgiia
|March 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details a successful surgical repair of a large scalp defect using staged dermal expansion and titanium mesh cranioplasty, achieving excellent cosmetic outcomes.

Keywords:
advanced skull defect repaircranioplastyplastic surgeryreconstructive surgeryrepeated stretching of tissuesskull defect repairstaged dermal tension

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Large scalp defects pose significant reconstructive challenges.
  • Combined defects involving bone and soft tissue require advanced surgical techniques.
  • Previous methods for extensive scalp reconstruction have limitations.

Observation:

  • A case report of a patient with an advanced combined defect of the parietal-temporal-occipital scalp, affecting over half the skull vault.
  • The defect involved both soft tissue and underlying bone structure.

Findings:

  • Successful staged repair utilizing repeated dermal expansion to stretch remaining scalp tissues.
  • Cranioplasty was performed using a mesh titanium implant for bone reconstruction.
  • The combined approach resulted in an excellent cosmetic outcome.

Implications:

  • This technique offers a viable solution for extensive scalp and skull defects.
  • Staged dermal expansion combined with mesh cranioplasty can achieve superior aesthetic results.
  • The findings may guide future reconstructive strategies for complex craniofacial injuries.