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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm
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On the malleability of selective trust.

Kathryn A Leech1, Amanda S Haber2, Sudha Arunachalam3

  • 1Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|March 12, 2019
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Summary

Children

Keywords:
Book-readingLanguagePreschool-aged childrenSelective trustSyntax

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Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Linguistics
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Research on children's informant credibility typically focuses on static cues.
  • The influence of the language environment on children's credibility judgments is understudied.
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) may impact language exposure and learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if syntactic complexity in adult testimony affects children's credibility and learning judgments.
  • To determine if exposure to complex language (passive voice) versus simple language (active voice) alters children's informant preferences.
  • To explore the role of the language environment in shaping children's selective trust.

Main Methods:

  • 4- and 5-year-old children (N=42) from lower-SES backgrounds participated.
  • Children were randomly assigned to receive either complex (passive voice) or simple (active voice) language during 10-day book-reading interactions.
  • Learning preferences for informants using passive versus active voice were assessed before and after the intervention.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to complex passive voice led children to prioritize informants using syntactic complexity.
  • Children exposed to simpler active voice showed no significant shift in informant preference.
  • This suggests children can adapt their credibility judgments based on linguistic input.

Conclusions:

  • The language environment plays a crucial role in shaping children's selective trust and informant credibility judgments.
  • Children's ability to use syntactic complexity as a cue for learning demonstrates cognitive flexibility.
  • Findings have implications for understanding language development and educational interventions for children from diverse SES backgrounds.