Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...

Continuing Care

Continuing Care

Continuing care describes the variety of health, personal, and social services provided over a prolonged period. The need for continuing care is increasing because people are living longer. Many people do not have families or others to care for them. Continuing care is mainly for patients who are disabled, functionally dependent, or suffering from a terminal disease. It is available within institutional settings or in homes. Examples include nursing centers or facilities, assisted living,...

Continuity Equation

Continuity Equation

The continuity equation asserts that the mass flow rate must remain constant for a steady flow of an incompressible fluid within a confined system. This principle applies to systems where fluid passes through varying cross-sectional areas, such as nozzles, syringes, and pipes.
The mass flow rate is expressed as:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Influence of stabilizer, size and physical state of lipid nanoparticles on uptake by THP-1 macrophages.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Same author

Effects of base temperature, immersion medium, and EM grid material on devitrification thresholds in cryogenic optical super-resolution microscopy.

Journal of structural biology·2025

Same author

Spheronization of solid self-dispersible eutectic extrudates: A small-scale feasibility study.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2025

Same author

Preparation of self-dispersible eutectic mixtures for poorly soluble drugs: Hot-melt extrusion vs. melt casting.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2025

Same author

Self-dispersible eutectic mixtures with fenofibrate and ibuprofen: Processability and API particle size.

European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V·2025

Same author

Cryo-iCLEM: Cryo correlative light and electron microscopy with immersion objectives.

Journal of structural biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Published on: July 2, 2019

A Microfluidic Split-Flow Technology for Product Characterization in Continuous Low-Volume Nanoparticle Synthesis.

Holger Bolze^1,2, Peer Erfle^3,4, Juliane Riewe^5,6

¹Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany. holger.bolze@mpibpc.mpg.de.

|March 13, 2019

Summary

This study introduces a microfluidic detector for continuous monitoring of nanoparticle synthesis. The system uses a small, sidelined stream to prevent blockages and enable real-time feedback control, ensuring stable production.

Keywords:

fluorescence lipid nanoparticles microfluidics nanoparticle characterization online analysis plug flow mixer precipitation single particle analysis

More Related Videos

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: April 10, 2019

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Published on: February 25, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Published on: July 2, 2019

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: April 10, 2019

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Published on: February 25, 2021

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Chemical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Microfluidic systems enable continuous flow chemical reactions but face challenges with flow stability due to bubbles and particles.
Online analysis of product streams is crucial for feedback control to maintain process integrity and prevent contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a microfluidic detector for real-time monitoring and feedback control of nanoparticle synthesis.
To address flow stability issues in microfluidic continuous flow systems.

Main Methods:

A microfluidic detector was integrated downstream of a segmented-flow system for lipid nanoparticle synthesis.
A small stream was sidelined from the main product flow into a 2 × 2 µm channel to match detector flow rate and prevent air plugs.
Quantitative fluorescence measurements were used to detect and characterize nanoparticles.

Main Results:

The microfluidic detector successfully detected and counted single nanoparticles in real-time.
The system identified changes in nanoparticle size, concentration, and velocity during synthesis.
The small channel design effectively prevented air plug intrusion.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated flow-splitting scheme enables continuous monitoring and feedback control of microfluidic nanoparticle synthesis.
This approach can be adapted for various detection methods beyond fluorescence.
The technology enhances the stability and reliability of microfluidic production processes.