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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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Antimicrobial Polymers for Additive Manufacturing.

Carmen Mabel González-Henríquez1,2, Mauricio A Sarabia-Vallejos3,4, Juan Rodríguez Hernandez5

  • 1Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Santiago 7800003, Chile. carmen.gonzalez@utem.cl.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review explores 3D printed polymer objects with antibacterial properties. It details methods using natural and synthetic polymers to create advanced materials for various applications.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingantibacterial polymersbiocompatible systemsdrug delivery systems

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables customized production of complex geometries.
  • Applications include personalized medical devices, implants, and drug delivery systems.
  • There is a growing need for materials with inherent antibacterial properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the generation of 3D printed polymer-based objects with antibacterial properties.
  • To describe two main strategies for achieving antibacterial characteristics in 3D printed polymers.
  • To highlight the use of both natural and synthetic polymers for this purpose.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing natural polymers, some with intrinsic antibacterial capacities.
  • Employing synthetic polymers, incorporating antimicrobial functional groups.
  • Modifying polymer surfaces or creating composite materials with antibacterial agents or drugs.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct approaches for creating antibacterial 3D printed objects are presented.
  • Natural polymers offer inherent antimicrobial potential.
  • Synthetic polymers can be functionalized or combined with agents to impart antibacterial activity.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing offers versatile routes to produce antibacterial polymer objects.
  • Both natural and synthetic polymer-based strategies are viable for developing these materials.
  • These advancements hold promise for applications requiring antimicrobial surfaces and implants.