Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026
Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales Atractosteus spatula Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM
Published on: July 10, 2014
The effect of different irrigation protocols on smear layer removal in root canals of primary teeth: a SEM study
Akif Demirel1, Burcu Nihan Yüksel1, Meryem Ziya1
1a Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of different irrigation protocols on smear layer removal in root canals of primary teeth by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Material And Methods:
The study was conducted with 40 extracted maxillary primary incisor teeth divided into four groups (n = 10) as 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)+1% NaOCl, 6% citric acid (CA)+1% NaOCl, and 0.9% physiological saline (PS). After the irrigation procedures, root canal walls were examined by SEM and the efficacies of irrigation solutions in smear layer removal were scored and compared. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and Siegel Castellan tests.
Results:
The smear layer removal was found to be statistically more effective in groups of 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl and 6% CA + 1% NaOCl when compared with the other groups (p < .05). Smear removal efficacy was statistically significantly higher in coronal and medium thirds when compared with the apical regions in the experimental groups.
Conclusions:
It was concluded that 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl and 6% CA + 1% NaOCl could be alternative irrigation protocols regarding smear layer removal. However, due to the absence of erosive dentinal changes, it might be suggested that using 6% CA + 1% NaOCl can be recommended compared to 10% EDTA + 1% NaOCl in primary root canals.
Related Concept Videos
03:02Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots
01:15Teeth
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
01:27Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel
01:26Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture
Gram Stain
The Gram Stain is an integral part of sputum studies. It involves the staining of sputum, which permits...
01:21Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
00:57Root Mean Square
For example, consider the velocity of gas molecules in a container. The gas molecules are moving in different directions, which might impart positive and negative...