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Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification
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GenTree, an integrated resource for analyzing the evolution and function of primate-specific coding genes.

Yi Shao1,2, Chunyan Chen1,2, Hao Shen3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Genome Research
|March 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

GenTree integrates gene age and function data for new genes. It identifies primate-specific protein-coding genes (PSGs) involved in rapid evolution, aiding understanding of human phenotypic evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • New gene origination drives phenotypic evolution.
  • Challenges exist in determining gene age and protein-coding potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create GenTree, an integrated database for new gene analysis.
  • To infer gene ages and annotate protein-coding potential.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide comparison of gene age inference methods (synteny-based pipeline vs. protein-family-based).
  • Manual evaluation of primate-specific protein-coding genes (PSGs).
  • Assessment of coding potential using evolutionary constraint and proteomic data.

Main Results:

  • Synteny-based pipeline (SBP) is best for recent duplications; protein-family methods for ancient genes.
  • Curated list of 254 PSGs with protein evidence, including 41 candidate pseudogenes.
  • PSGs are recruited to rapidly evolving pathways like spermatogenesis, immunity, and brain development.

Conclusions:

  • GenTree provides a valuable resource for studying new genes.
  • Primate-specific genes play roles in key evolutionary processes.
  • Specific genes, like KRAB zinc-finger proteins, may have influenced primate brain evolution.