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Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Index01:13

Therapeutic Index

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The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

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Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Treg programming and therapeutic reprogramming in cancer.

Mariela A Moreno Ayala1, Zehui Li1, Michel DuPage1

  • 1Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Immunology
|March 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeting immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in tumors is key for cancer immunotherapy. This review explores reprogramming tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) to be immune-stimulatory, offering a selective approach to enhance cancer treatment.

Keywords:
Tregcancertumour immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a major hurdle for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are abundant in tumors and suppress anti-tumor immune responses, hindering immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Systemic Treg depletion causes severe autoimmune toxicity, necessitating targeted approaches for intratumoral Tregs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for selectively targeting and reprogramming tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs).
  • To explore methods for converting TI-Tregs from an immunosuppressive to an immune-stimulatory phenotype within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To identify therapeutic targets for enhancing cancer immunotherapy by modulating TI-Treg function.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on defining features of TI-Tregs, including their activated state, metabolic profile, and transcriptional programs.
  • Analysis of key surface receptors and signaling pathways unique to TI-Tregs.
  • Identification of proteins and pathways distinguishing TI-Tregs from other Tregs and effector T-cells.

Main Results:

  • TI-Tregs exhibit distinct characteristics, including a highly activated state, unique metabolic pathways, and specific transcriptional signatures.
  • Key surface receptors and intracellular pathways are identified as potential targets for selective TI-Treg modulation.
  • Understanding these differences allows for the development of strategies to reprogram TI-Tregs.

Conclusions:

  • Reprogramming TI-Tregs offers a promising, selective strategy to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression.
  • Targeting the unique features of TI-Tregs can enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy while minimizing systemic toxicity.
  • This approach holds potential for developing novel cancer treatments by converting immunosuppressive cells into immune-stimulatory ones within the tumor.