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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Novel Digital Platform for a Monitored Home-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
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Cardiac Monitoring in Horses.

Andre C Shih1

  • 1Capital Veterinary Specialist, 3001 Hartley Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|March 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Monitoring horse cardiac performance is difficult. Cardiac output and oxygen content offer better insights into cardiovascular status and fluid responsiveness than blood pressure alone.

Keywords:
Blood pressureCardiac outputCentral venous pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Veterinary Physiology

Background:

  • Assessing cardiac performance in horses presents unique challenges due to their size, temperament, and anatomy.
  • Blood pressure, while a determinant of afterload, is an unreliable indicator of cardiac function and tissue perfusion in horses.
  • Effective monitoring requires evaluating parameters beyond simple blood pressure measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore reliable methods for monitoring cardiac performance in horses.
  • To highlight the limitations of blood pressure as a sole indicator of cardiovascular status.
  • To emphasize the importance of cardiac output and oxygen content for assessing tissue perfusion and fluid responsiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of cardiac output in conjunction with arterial and venous oxygen content.
  • Analysis of intracardiac pressures to evaluate filling pressures and myocardial performance.
  • Comparison of these parameters against blood pressure for diagnostic utility.

Main Results:

  • Cardiac output and oxygen content provide crucial insights into overall blood and oxygen delivery.
  • These parameters are valuable for assessing a horse's fluid responsiveness and cardiovascular status.
  • Intracardiac pressure measurements aid in evaluating cardiac filling, myocardial function, and vascular resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac output and oxygen content are superior indicators of equine cardiovascular status and perfusion compared to blood pressure.
  • Intracardiac pressure monitoring offers comprehensive assessment of cardiac function and hemodynamics.
  • Accurate cardiac monitoring in horses necessitates a multi-parameter approach.