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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Live-3D-Cell Immunocytochemistry Assays of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Glioma
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Live-3D-Cell Immunocytochemistry Assays of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Glioma

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Current Murine Models and New Developments in H3K27M Diffuse Midline Gliomas.

John P Welby1, Tatiana Kaptzan2, Anton Wohl3

  • 1Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.

Frontiers in Oncology
|March 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG), often driven by H3K27M mutations, is a deadly pediatric brain cancer. New patient-derived models offer hope for understanding DIPG and developing targeted therapies.

Keywords:
DIPGH3K27Mdiffuse intrinsic pontine gliomagliomaxenograft

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A Protocol for Explant Cultures of IDH1-mutant Diffuse Low-grade Gliomas
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A Protocol for Rapid Post-mortem Cell Culture of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma DIPG
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A Protocol for Rapid Post-mortem Cell Culture of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma DIPG
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A Protocol for Rapid Post-mortem Cell Culture of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma DIPG

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Neuro-oncology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMG) with H3K27M mutation are the most common and aggressive form of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG).
  • DIPG predominantly affects young children, carrying a grim prognosis with median survival under one year.
  • The H3K27M mutation is a key driver in DIPG pathogenesis, potentially through epigenetic alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) models.
  • To describe the development of novel patient-derived cell lines and xenografts for H3K27M-mutated DIPG.
  • To establish valuable preclinical tools for studying DIPG and evaluating targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) models.
  • Development of patient-derived cell lines and xenografts from pre-treated surgical specimens.
  • Orthotopic transplantation of patient-derived models into the mouse brainstem.

Main Results:

  • Pre-treated surgical samples maintain the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG).
  • Established orthotopic xenografts accurately recapitulate the radiographic and morphological features of human DIPG.
  • These models harbor the critical H3K27M mutation, essential for disease modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Patient-derived cell lines and xenografts from pre-treated DIPG specimens are viable models for H3K27M-mutated Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.
  • These models serve as crucial tools for investigating DIPG pathology and preclinical drug screening.
  • Further research using these models may uncover novel therapeutic strategies for this devastating pediatric cancer.