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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Radiometric temperature measurement by incoherent digital holography.

Masatoshi Imbe

    Applied Optics
    |March 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study demonstrates radiometric temperature measurement using incoherent digital holography. This technique allows for 3D temperature mapping of thermal radiation from objects at any distance.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metrology
    • Thermal Engineering

    Background:

    • Radiometric temperature measurement traditionally relies on line-of-sight methods.
    • Incoherent digital holography offers potential for non-contact, 3D thermal imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate radiometric temperature measurement using incoherent digital holography.
    • To enable three-dimensional radiometric temperature measurement of thermal radiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing an optical configuration with fixed magnification to record incoherent holograms.
    • Reconstructing in-focus images of thermal radiation at any distance.
    • Deriving spectral radiance from reconstructed image intensity signals.
    • Implementing calibration procedures to correlate holographic signals with radiation temperature.

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    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of radiometric temperature measurement via incoherent digital holography.
    • Reconstruction of 3D temperature information from thermal radiation.
    • Quantification of spectral radiance from holographic intensity data.

    Conclusions:

    • Incoherent digital holography is a viable technique for 3D radiometric temperature measurement.
    • The method allows for temperature mapping of thermal radiation without distance limitations.
    • Further analysis of experimental results and uncertainty sources is provided.