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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

26.1K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

4.9K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
4.9K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

30.8K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.8K
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

10.1K
German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.4K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography
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Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography

Published on: January 16, 2011

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Non-refracted extraordinary rays in a uniaxial crystal.

Pengqian Wang

    Applied Optics
    |March 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores non-refracted extraordinary rays in uniaxial crystals, finding specific incidence angles for non-bending light transmission. The research details how ray behavior depends on crystal properties and incidence conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Light propagation in anisotropic media is complex.
    • Uniaxial crystals exhibit distinct refractive indices for different light polarizations.
    • Understanding light behavior at interfaces is crucial for optical device design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically investigate non-refracted extraordinary rays in uniaxial crystals.
    • To determine conditions for light transmission without directional change at oblique incidence.
    • To analyze the influence of crystal birefringence on ray behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation.
    • Derivation of conditions for non-refracted extraordinary ray transmission.
    • Algebraic solution involving a quartic equation.

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    Main Results:

    • Non-refracted extraordinary rays occur when the optic axis lies within the plane of incidence.
    • Within the standard birefringence range (no ≤ ne ≤ no2), a unique angle of incidence yields non-refracted rays for a given crystal cut.
    • Beyond this range, up to three solutions for incidence angles may exist.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a comprehensive algebraic framework for solving non-refracted extraordinary ray phenomena.
    • The findings are applicable to optical systems utilizing uniaxial crystals.
    • The number of possible non-refracted ray solutions is dependent on the crystal's optical properties.