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Related Concept Videos

Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Nanomaterials: Solutions to Water-Concomitant Challenges.

Shaik Anwar Ahamed Nabeela Nasreen1, Subramanian Sundarrajan2, Syed Abdulrahim Syed Nizar3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore. mpesaan@nus.edu.sg.

Membranes
|March 17, 2019
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Summary

Advanced nanomaterials and nanofiber membranes offer promising solutions for water purification, addressing pollution and climate change threats to freshwater resources. These materials are key to improving access to clean drinking water globally.

Keywords:
carbonaceous materialselectrospinningmetal oxidesnanofiber membranespollutantwater filtration

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Freshwater resources face significant threats from pollution, climate change, and global warming.
  • Existing water purification technologies require enhancement for efficiency and sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key nanomaterials and nanofiber membranes for wastewater treatment.
  • To highlight advancements in materials science for effective pollutant removal.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of synthetic polymer nanofibers, ceramic membranes, metal oxides, and carbonaceous materials.
  • Analysis of material morphologies and their application in water filtration.

Main Results:

  • Nanofiber membranes and nanomaterials demonstrate significant effectiveness in removing diverse pollutants from wastewater.
  • Various material types show potential for enhancing water purification processes.

Conclusions:

  • Nanomaterials and nanofiber membranes are crucial for overcoming challenges in water purification.
  • Continued research and development in materials science can lead to maximized freshwater resource utilization and minimized environmental harm.