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    We developed a binary strategy for precise angular displacement estimation using a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This method enhances resolution by 3.72 times, even with realistic system imperfections.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Interferometry
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Angular displacement estimation is crucial in various scientific and engineering fields.
    • Mach-Zehnder interferometers are widely used for precise measurements.
    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) offers unique properties for quantum information processing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel binary strategy for angular displacement estimation.
    • To evaluate detection strategies using fidelity instead of standard deviation.
    • To analyze the impact of realistic experimental conditions on estimation performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a coherent state carrying orbital angular momentum.
    • Embedding two Dove prisms in the interferometer arms.
    • Comparing parity detection and Z detection strategies.
    • Investigating the effects of transmission loss, detection efficiency, and dark counts.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed binary strategy achieves high precision in angular displacement estimation.
    • Fidelity is shown to be a robust metric for evaluating detection strategies.
    • The system demonstrates resilience to realistic noise sources like transmission loss and dark counts.
    • A resolution enhancement factor of 3.72 was experimentally verified.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated binary strategy offers a reliable and enhanced method for angular displacement estimation.
    • The use of orbital angular momentum in interferometry provides significant advantages.
    • The findings have implications for improving precision in optical metrology and quantum sensing.