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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

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According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Devices

    Background:

    • Traditional vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) often rely on complex multilayer dielectric Bragg reflectors (DBRs).
    • Existing high-refractive-index-contrast gratings (HCGs) typically require suspended membranes or cladding layers, adding manufacturing complexity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate continuous-wave (CW) lasing in electrically injected VCSELs utilizing a novel subwavelength monolithic high-refractive-index-contrast grating (MHCG) mirror.
    • To present an all-semiconductor laser architecture that simplifies fabrication and reduces vertical thickness.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of VCSELs incorporating a subwavelength monolithic high-refractive-index-contrast grating (MHCG) mirror directly patterned in the semiconductor atop the laser cavity.
    • Static characterization of the fabricated VCSELs under continuous-wave operation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved continuous-wave (CW) lasing operation in electrically injected VCSELs with the MHCG mirror.
    • Demonstrated stable quasi-single mode emission from threshold to rollover for a 13.5 μm aperture device.
    • Confirmed CW operation up to 75 °C.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed MHCG mirror enables the creation of all-semiconductor VCSELs without suspended membranes or cladding layers.
    • This technology offers a pathway to significantly reduced vertical thickness and potentially up to 90% cost reduction compared to DBR VCSELs.
    • The all-semiconductor VCSELs are suitable for diverse applications including optical communication, illumination, sensing, and photonic integrated circuits across UV, visible, and infrared wavelengths.