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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Machines01:19

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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
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Normal Stress01:19

Normal Stress

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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
When a rod is under axial loading, the internal forces and corresponding stress are normal to the plane of the section, so it is termed normal stress. It's important to...
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Normal Distribution01:11

Normal Distribution

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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation
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Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

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MicroRNAs in Kidney Machine Perfusion Fluid as Novel Biomarkers for Graft Function. Normalization Methods for miRNAs

V Gómez-Dos-Santos1, E Ramos-Muñoz2, M L García-Bermejo2

  • 1Urology Department, Surgical Urology and Transplantation Research Group, IRYCIS, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.

Transplantation Proceedings
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Normalization is crucial for analyzing microRNAs (miRNAs) in kidney transplantation. The mean expression value method effectively identifies key miRNAs, such as miR-486-5p, for predicting graft function.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators with significant potential as biomarkers in kidney transplantation.
  • Accurate quantification of miRNAs requires robust normalization to distinguish biological variations from technical noise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate normalization strategies for miRNA quantification in kidney transplant graft dysfunction.
  • To identify reliable miRNA biomarkers for predicting kidney graft function using pre-transplantation perfusion fluid.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study involving kidney transplant recipients from expanded criteria donors.
  • Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for miRNA expression analysis.
  • Exogenous spike-in normalization and the mean expression value method were employed and compared.

Main Results:

  • The mean expression value approach validated previously identified miRNAs associated with delayed graft function, including miR-486-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-142-5p, and miR-144-5p.
  • This method demonstrated effectiveness in confirming the significance of specific miRNA biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are increasingly recognized as vital biomarkers across various diseases, including kidney transplantation.
  • Perfusion fluid, especially during hypothermic machine perfusion, is a valuable source for pre-transplantation biomarker discovery.
  • The mean expression value method emerges as a superior normalization strategy for miRNA analysis in this context.