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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.6K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
54.6K
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

1.9K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
1.9K

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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Targeting Trop-2 in solid tumors: future prospects.

Saif Zaman1, Hassan Jadid2, Aaron C Denson2

  • 1Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.

Oncotargets and Therapy
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Trop-2 targeted therapies, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), show promise across various cancers. Clinical trials demonstrate Trop-2 ADCs offer safety and benefit, even in difficult-to-treat tumors like triple-negative breast cancer.

Keywords:
Trop-2antibody–drug conjugatesoncotargetstargeted therapytrophoblast antigen 2

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Trop-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in many cancer types.
  • Its expression is higher on tumor cells than normal cells, making it a target for cancer therapy.
  • Trop-2 targeted therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), are emerging treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical trials involving Trop-2 targeted therapies.
  • To summarize the safety and efficacy of Trop-2 based ADCs.
  • To highlight the potential of Trop-2 as a therapeutic target in oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials involving Trop-2.
  • Analysis of data on Trop-2 targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • Evaluation of safety and clinical benefit across various tumor types.

Main Results:

  • Trop-2 targeted ADCs have demonstrated safety and clinical benefit in early-phase trials.
  • Positive results observed in difficult-to-treat cancers such as triple-negative breast cancer, platinum-resistant urothelial cancer, and small-cell lung cancer.
  • Trop-2 expression is consistently upregulated across diverse cancer types.

Conclusions:

  • Trop-2 is a validated target for developing novel cancer therapeutics.
  • Trop-2 based ADCs represent a promising therapeutic strategy with demonstrated clinical activity.
  • Further clinical investigation of Trop-2 targeted agents is warranted across a spectrum of malignancies.