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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

217.8K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

6.4K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

5.6K
Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

1.3K
In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Combined diffusion-relaxometry MRI to identify dysfunction in the human placenta.

Paddy J Slator1, Jana Hutter2,3, Marco Palombo1

  • 1Centre for Medical Image Computing and Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a rapid MRI method to analyze placenta function by combining T2* and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements. This technique differentiates healthy from dysfunctional placentas, aiding in assessing pregnancy health.

Keywords:
diffusioninverse Laplace transformmicrostructuremultimodal MRIplacentarelaxometry

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Quantitative MRI

Background:

  • Placental health is crucial for fetal and maternal well-being.
  • Current MRI methods may not fully capture placental function.
  • Exploring the coupling of different MRI contrasts can reveal tissue properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a combined diffusion-relaxometry MRI pipeline for in vivo human placenta.
  • To investigate the relationship between T2* relaxation and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the placenta.
  • To achieve this within a scan time of under 10 minutes.

Main Methods:

  • A novel MRI acquisition combining diffusion-prepared spin echo with gradient echoes was developed.
  • In vivo placental MRI scans were performed on 17 pregnant women.
  • Joint T2*-ADC spectra were estimated using an inverse Laplace transform.

Main Results:

  • The T2*-ADC spectra successfully demonstrated quantitative separation between normal and dysfunctional placentas.
  • This suggests the combined approach can identify placental abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Combined T2*-diffusivity MRI is a promising tool for assessing placental health during pregnancy.
  • The T2*-ADC spectrum may offer deeper insights into tissue microstructure than separate measurements.
  • The developed method has potential applications for studying other organs.