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Related Concept Videos

ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

15.4K
ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity.  In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

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ATP Synthase: Structure, Function and Inhibition.

Prashant Neupane1, Sudina Bhuju2, Nita Thapa2

  • 1Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal India.

Biomolecular Concepts
|March 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex V, or ATP synthase, generates cellular energy (ATP) by utilizing a proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. This review summarizes its structure, function, and inhibition.

Keywords:
ATPATP SynthaseATP synthase InhibitionElectron Transport ChainProton motive forceRotational Catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Respiration

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation involves five complexes for electron transport and ATP synthesis.
  • Complex V (ATP synthase) generates ATP from ADP using mitochondrial proton gradients.
  • ATP is the primary energy currency in all living cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure of ATP synthase.
  • To summarize the function of ATP synthase.
  • To discuss the inhibition of ATP synthase.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ATP synthase.
  • Analysis of structural data for ATP synthase.
  • Examination of functional mechanisms of ATP synthase.
  • Review of known inhibitors of ATP synthase.

Main Results:

  • ATP synthase is a multi-subunit complex functioning as a proton-driven molecular machine.
  • It couples proton flow to ATP synthesis and hydrolysis.
  • Electron transport is also facilitated by ATP synthase.
  • Numerous studies have elucidated various aspects of ATP synthase.

Conclusions:

  • ATP synthase is crucial for cellular energy production.
  • Understanding its structure and function is key to comprehending cellular metabolism.
  • Inhibition studies provide insights into its mechanism and potential therapeutic targets.