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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Modeling Human Brain Circuitry Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Platforms.

Annalisa M Hartlaub1, Craig A McElroy2, Nathalie L Maitre1

  • 1Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New brain modeling platforms using human stem cells enable studying neural circuits in neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and ADHD. These advanced systems offer critical insights into disease mechanisms.

Keywords:
brain organoidcerebral organoidhuman induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)microfluidicneural circuitneurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neural circuits govern brain function, and their disruption is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia.
  • Previous research primarily focused on single-cell level analysis using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in modeling brain circuitry for neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • To highlight the potential of advanced hiPSC-based platforms for understanding disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced brain organoid systems, microfluidic devices, and enhanced optical and electrical interfaces.
  • Employing in vitro and in vivo disease modeling platforms to study neuronal connectivity.
  • Leveraging human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for disease modeling.

Main Results:

  • Emerging research demonstrates the capability of new platforms to model complex neural connectivity.
  • These advanced systems allow for the investigation of specific brain circuitry implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Significant insights into pathophysiological mechanisms have been gained.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced hiPSC-based modeling systems, including brain organoids and microfluidic devices, are revolutionizing the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • These platforms provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate neural circuit dysfunction.
  • Continued innovation in this area promises to accelerate translational research for neurological diseases.