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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Isomerism in Alkenes02:01

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Alkenes like 1-butene and 2-butene exhibit constitutional isomerism, as they differ in the position of the double bond. Further, 2-butene exhibits stereoisomerism and exists as two distinct compounds differing in spatial arrangement.
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Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

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Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
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The Neuromuscular Junction01:19

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The nervous system consists of complex motor neuron circuits, including upper motor neurons originating from the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons starting in the spinal cord, coordinating both voluntary and involuntary movements. Among these, somatic motor neurons activate skeletal muscles and are classified into alpha, beta, and gamma types. Alpha neurons are vital for voluntary movement coordination, while gamma neurons adjust muscle spindle sensitivity, and the function of beta...
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The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality
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Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Published on: August 6, 2017

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Isomeric Carborane Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.

Lalit N Goswami1, Tyson J Olds2, Terri G Monk2

  • 1International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.

Chemmedchem
|March 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New carborane neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) show reversible muscle weakness in mice. These non-depolarizing NMB compounds offer a potential alternative to existing muscle relaxants.

Keywords:
boroncarboranesdrug designneurological agentsneuromuscular blocking agents

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Decamethonium is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) are crucial in anesthesia and critical care.
  • Developing novel NMBs with distinct mechanisms is of therapeutic interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel carborane-containing neuromuscular blocking agents.
  • To evaluate the in vivo neuromuscular blocking activity and potency of carborane NMB isomers.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of action of these novel compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of o-, m-, and p-carborane isomers integrated into a decamethonium-like structure.
  • In vivo assessment of neuromuscular blockade in mice using grip strength and inverted screen tests.
  • In vitro electrophysiological studies using rat phrenic nerve hemi-diaphragm preparations and acetylcholine receptor channel recordings.

Main Results:

  • All synthesized carborane NMB isomers induced reversible muscle weakness in mice.
  • Potency ranking: p-NMB > rocuronium > decamethonium > m-NMB > o-NMB.
  • Carborane NMBs acted as non-depolarizing agents, inhibiting acetylcholine-induced channel activation, unlike decamethonium.

Conclusions:

  • Carborane-based neuromuscular blocking agents represent a novel class of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
  • The carborane cluster influences the potency and potentially the pharmacological profile of NMBs.
  • These findings open avenues for developing new neuromuscular blocking drugs with tailored properties.