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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System

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The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters
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On Radical-Induced Ignition in Combustion Systems.

Wenkai Liang1, Chung K Law1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|March 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study explores radical runaway in combustion systems, detailing ignition limits for hydrogen-oxygen mixtures and the catalytic impact of hydrogen on other fuels. It also examines hydrocarbon autoignition and non-homogeneous ignition phenomena.

Keywords:
analytical methodschemical kineticscombustion

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Area of Science:

  • Combustion Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Theoretical Combustion

Background:

  • Radical runaway is a key mechanism in incipient ignition.
  • Detailed chemical kinetics are crucial for understanding complex combustion systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review theoretical developments in radical runaway-induced ignition.
  • To analyze explosion limits and catalytic effects in various fuel mixtures.
  • To investigate low-temperature and non-homogeneous ignition phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Eigenvalue analysis for canonical explosion limits.
  • Evaluation of hydrogen addition effects on O2/CO and O2/CH4 mixtures.
  • Discussion of low-temperature chemistry in hydrocarbon autoignition.
  • Analysis of convective-diffusive transport in non-homogeneous ignition.

Main Results:

  • Explicit criteria for hydrogen-oxygen explosion limits were derived, matching Z-shaped pressure-temperature responses.
  • Quantified the significant catalytic effect of hydrogen addition, particularly for CO mixtures.
  • Highlighted the role of low-temperature chemistry and negative-temperature coefficient phenomena in hydrocarbon ignition.
  • Demonstrated similarity between homogeneous and non-homogeneous ignition systems.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical analysis provides insights into ignition mechanisms.
  • Hydrogen plays a crucial catalytic role in combustion.
  • Further research is needed in advanced combustion ignition theories.