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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Joints

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...

Introduction to Joints

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

Changes in ankle joint alignment after proximal fibular osteotomy.

Jialiang Guo^1,2,3, Li Zhang¹, Di Qin^1,2,3

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P R China.

|March 23, 2019

Summary

Proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) improved knee society scores and radiographic alignment in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis. This surgical procedure enhances ankle joint function and structural integrity, making it a recommended treatment.

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Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

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Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy

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Published on: February 17, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

Medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee often involves complex biomechanical issues.
Proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) is a surgical technique that may influence lower limb alignment.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) on ankle joint structure and clinical outcomes.
To assess radiographic and clinical changes following PFO in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

Prospective study of 53 lower limbs from 49 patients undergoing PFO with a minimum one-year follow-up.
Clinical assessment using American Knee Society Score (KSS), Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Radiographic evaluation including hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), femoro-tibial angle (FTA), tibial inclination (TI), talar tilt (TT), and hindfoot alignment parameters (HAVA, HAR, HMA).

Main Results:

Significant improvements were observed in KSS scores, HKA, FTA, TI, TT, HAVA, HAR, and HMA post-PFO.
No significant changes were noted in AOFAS scores or fibular length (FL).
The study demonstrated structural improvements in the ankle joint following PFO.

Conclusions:

Proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) effectively improves radiographic alignment and clinical function in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.
PFO is a safe and recommended surgical option for enhancing ankle joint structure and function in this patient population.