Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model
Published on: May 24, 2024
Workflow Caveats in Augmented Reality-Assisted Pedicle Instrumentation: Cadaver Lab
Timur M Urakov1, Michael Y Wang1, Allan D Levi1
1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Background:
Augmented reality (AR) is gaining popularity in gaming, industrial, military, and medical fields. Neurosurgical applications are currently limited and underdeveloped.
Methods:
The cadaver lab session was prepared with the currently available AR equipment and software. Pedicle instrumentation was performed from thoracic 1 to the pelvis with either fluoroscopy or AR.
Results:
A total of 38 screws were placed. There were no major breaches on the fluoroscopy-assisted side. Among the AR screws, 3 had a major medial breach and 4 had a major inferior breach. The cause of a 3 breaches appeared to be related to an error in the starting position, as their overall orientation remained correctly parallel to the original trajectory.
Conclusions:
The article discusses the potential and limitations of AR in its current state and identifies strategies for successful AR application in future surgery.
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