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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

886
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

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An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
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Identifying neuropathologic disease in primary progressive aphasia using narrative speech.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Primary Progressive Aphasia and the Left Hemisphere Language Network.

M Marsel Mesulam1

  • 1Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA.

Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative disease causing progressive language decline. Research reveals insights into PPA variants, brain networks, and neuropathology for better diagnosis and intervention.

Keywords:
Alzheimerdementiafrontotemporallanguagenetwork

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a syndrome characterized by progressive language impairment.
  • Diagnosis requires language deficits without significant memory or behavioral issues.
  • PPA reflects neurodegeneration primarily affecting the brain's language network.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diagnostic criteria and clinical variants of PPA.
  • To explore the neuroanatomical underpinnings of PPA subtypes.
  • To enhance understanding of the human language network through PPA research.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on core criteria: language impairment, neurodegeneration, and isolation of deficits.
  • Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies to correlate clinical presentation with brain atrophy patterns.
  • Analysis of patient data to investigate dissociations between fluency, grammaticality, and comprehension.

Main Results:

  • PPA variants exhibit distinct patterns of brain atrophy, particularly in the left hemisphere language network.
  • The anterior temporal lobe's role in word comprehension and naming is highlighted.
  • Dissociations between fluency and grammaticality are observed in PPA patients.

Conclusions:

  • PPA diagnosis relies on specific language, neurodegenerative, and isolation criteria.
  • Clinicoanatomical studies in PPA offer novel insights into brain language organization.
  • Accurate PPA diagnosis and neuropathological identification guide multimodal treatment strategies.