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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...
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Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...
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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Remote Magnetic Actuation of Micrometric Probes for in situ 3D Mapping of Bacterial Biofilm Physical Properties
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Verticalization of bacterial biofilms.

Farzan Beroz1, Jing Yan2, Benedikt Sabass2

  • 1Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA.

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Bacterial biofilms transition from 2D to 3D structures via mechanical instabilities. Cell length influences biofilm expansion, with longer cells promoting faster growth and flatter structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biophysics
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Biofilms are bacterial communities crucial in various environments.
  • Recent studies revealed 3D biofilm development from 2D layers in rod-shaped bacteria.
  • The physical mechanisms driving this verticalization remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the physical mechanism behind bacterial biofilm verticalization.
  • To investigate the role of cell length and mechanical instabilities in biofilm development.
  • To understand how biofilm structure influences expansion dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Agent-based modeling to simulate individual cell behaviors.
  • Continuum modeling to describe biofilm-scale properties.
  • Experimental validation using chemicals to modulate bacterial cell length.

Main Results:

  • Verticalization occurs through localized, cell-scale mechanical instabilities.
  • Cell division triggers instabilities in short cells; cell peeling drives it in long cells.
  • A state of constant surface pressure (dynamical isobaricity) emerges, governing expansion speed.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular mechanics and growth dynamics dictate biofilm 3D architecture.
  • Longer average cell length leads to faster-expanding, flatter biofilms.
  • Modulating cell length experimentally alters biofilm development as predicted by theory.