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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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Thrombin generation is increased in patients with Clostridium difficile colitis - a pilot study.

Romeo G Mihăilă1,2, Crina Cătană3, Ariela L Olteanu4

  • 1a Faculty of Medicine , "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu , Sibiu , Romania.

Biomarkers : Biochemical Indicators of Exposure, Response, and Susceptibility to Chemicals
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile (CD) colitis patients show increased thrombin generation, indicating a higher risk of blood clots. This finding suggests a need for monitoring and potential thromboprophylaxis in these individuals.

Keywords:
coagulationcolitisthrombin generationthrombotic risk

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Area of Science:

  • Coagulation and Thrombosis
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Limited data exists on thrombotic risk in Clostridium difficile (CD) colitis.
  • CD colitis is a globally prevalent condition.
  • Evaluating coagulation is crucial for understanding patient risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate thrombin generation in patients with CD colitis.
  • To assess the coagulation status in CD colitis patients.
  • To identify potential thrombotic risks associated with CD colitis.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study over 15 months.
  • Inclusion of hospitalized patients diagnosed with CD colitis.
  • Thrombin generation analysis using a Ceveron® alpha analyzer in platelet-poor plasma.
  • Comparison with healthy volunteer control subjects.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-three CD colitis patients and 51 controls were analyzed.
  • Significantly higher mean velocity index and peak thrombin levels observed in patients compared to controls (p=0.010, p=0.0395).
  • Thrombin generation patterns suggest potential thrombotic risk in CD colitis patients without septic shock.
  • Mean velocity index correlated with Charlson age-comorbidity index for estimated mortality risk.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated thrombin generation in CD colitis patients suggests an increased thromboembolic risk.
  • Thrombin generation patterns can identify patients at higher risk.
  • These patients may benefit from thromboprophylaxis strategies and closer monitoring.