On-Chip Real-Time Chemical Sensors Based on Water-Immersion-Objective Pumped Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microdisk Laser

Optical whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microresonator-based sensors with high sensitivity and low detection limit down to single unlabeled biomolecules show high potential for disease diagnosis and clinical application. However, most WGM microresonator-based sensors, which are packed in a microfluidic cell, are a "closed" sensing configuration that prevents changing and sensing the surrounding liquid refractive index (RI) of the microresonator immediately. Here, we present an "open" sensing configuration in which the WGM microdisk laser is directly covered by a water droplet and pumped by a water-immersion-objective (WIO). This allows monitoring the chemical reaction progress in the water droplet by tracking the laser wavelength. A proof-of-concept demonstration of chemical sensor is performed by observing the process of salt dissolution in water and diffusion of two droplets with different RI. This WIO pumped sensing configuration provides a path towards an on-chip chemical sensor for studying chemical reaction kinetics in real time.