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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays
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Targeting natural killer cells in solid tumors.

Guillaume Habif1, Adeline Crinier2, Pascale André1

  • 1Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|March 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for anti-tumor immunity and are used in treating blood cancers. Their role in solid tumors is less understood but offers potential for new cancer immunotherapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells with cytotoxic and cytokine-secreting functions.
  • NK cells are vital in anti-tumor immunity and are utilized in treating hematological malignancies.
  • Limited knowledge exists on NK cell infiltration and function within solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of NK cell presence and function in solid tumors.
  • To explore immunotherapeutic strategies harnessing NK cells for solid tumor treatment.
  • To discuss challenges and complexities, including NK cell-like type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on NK cells in solid tumors.
  • Analysis of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting NK cell functions.
  • Examination of the role of ILC1s and their distinction from NK cells.

Main Results:

  • NK cells play a significant role in anti-tumor immunity, particularly in hematological cancers.
  • NK cell presence and function in solid tumors are not well-characterized.
  • Immunotherapies aim to leverage NK cells to enhance anti-tumor responses.

Conclusions:

  • NK cells hold promise for solid tumor immunotherapy.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand NK cell dynamics in solid tumors.
  • Combining NK cell-based therapies with conventional treatments may improve outcomes.