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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Joints01:26

Joints

35.6K
Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.1K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
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Joint Encoding of Auditory Timing and Location in Visual Cortex.

John Plass1, EunSeon Ahn1, Vernon L Towle2

  • 1University of Michigan.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|March 27, 2019
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Crossmodal facilitation enhances visual perception. This study suggests that auditory-driven phase resetting and lateralized occipital evoked potentials (ERPs) in visual cortex are not distinct mechanisms but rather reflect the same underlying neural process.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Auditory- Visual Neuroscience

Background:

  • Co-occurring sounds can enhance visual event perception.
  • Distinct neural mechanisms, crossmodal phase resetting (temporal) and lateralized occipital evoked potentials (ERPs) (spatial), are proposed for crossmodal facilitation.
  • The relationship between these two mechanisms remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the relationship between crossmodal phase resetting and lateralized occipital evoked potentials (ERPs).
  • To determine if these effects represent distinct neural mechanisms or facets of a single process.
  • To identify the neural generators of crossmodal facilitation effects.

Main Methods:

  • Electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were used in 22 patients.
  • Crossmodal responses to lateralized sounds in visually responsive cortex were examined.
  • Responses were analyzed for topography and laterality to compare phase resetting and ERPs.

Main Results:

  • Auditory-driven phase reset and ERP responses in visual cortex showed similar topography, with maximal activity in lateral occipitotemporal cortex.
  • Laterality effects in ERPs shared a similar but less widespread topography.
  • Visual electrodes responded to both contralateral and ipsilateral sounds, indicating shared neural populations.

Conclusions:

  • Crossmodal phase reset and ERPs likely reflect the same underlying neural mechanism for crossmodal facilitation.
  • Lateralized ERP effects may represent laterality-biased responses within the same neural populations responsible for phase resetting.
  • A unified model is proposed to explain both spatial and temporal crossmodal facilitation.