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Related Concept Videos

Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

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The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Synthetic Biology02:55

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces
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Self-Stabilizing Transpiration in Synthetic Leaves.

Weiwei Shi, Joshua R Vieitez, Austin S Berrier

  • 1Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Engineered synthetic leaves now maintain stable transpiration across diverse humidity levels, overcoming previous drying limitations. This breakthrough enhances water harvesting potential for large-scale synthetic trees.

Keywords:
Kelvin pressureLaplace pressurenanoporessynthetic leafsynthetic tree

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Synthetic trees aim to replicate plant transpiration for applications like water harvesting.
  • Previous designs suffered from leaf drying at critical relative humidity levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer large-area synthetic leaves with stable transpiration over a broad humidity range.
  • To investigate the self-stabilization mechanism of water menisci in synthetic nanopores.

Main Methods:

  • Development of large-area synthetic leaves without specialized stomatal chambers.
  • Analysis of water meniscus behavior and vapor concentration within nanopores.
  • Measurement of transpiration rates across varying ambient humidity conditions.

Main Results:

  • Synthetic leaves demonstrated stable transpiration, even below critical humidity thresholds.
  • Water menisci self-stabilized by concentrating vapor in dried nanopore regions.
  • Transpiration rates showed non-monotonic variation with humidity due to meniscus retreat.

Conclusions:

  • The novel design overcomes limitations of previous synthetic transpiration systems.
  • Self-stabilizing water menisci are key to stable and efficient water harvesting.
  • Findings support the development of robust, large-area synthetic trees for water collection.