Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies
Published on: July 1, 2016
Efficient Cleaning with Warm Water
1Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
Abstract:
A prototype chlorinated alkaline cleaner (Diversey-Wyandotte PX 1704) functioned satisfactorily in recirculating water with temperatures as low as 30°C (85°F), whereas typical cleaner formulations currently in use require that water be at least at 60°C (140°F). On-farm experiments for periods up to 1 year with both hard (342 ppm) and softened water gave results similar to those of control periods before water temperature reduction. At each milk delivery to the University of Wisconsin Dairy, collected samples were evaluated for Standard Plate Count and for coliform and psychrotroph populations. Routine inspections with partial disassembly of the equipment showed no evidence of insanitary conditions, accumulation of deposits or conditions which would cause bacteria counts to increase. Evidence shows the importance of this cleaner in that dairy farmers can reduce use of hot water and thus markedly reduce expenditures for energy without sacrificing product quality.
Related Concept Videos
Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
The Water Cycle
Water and Mineral Acquisition
States of Water
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Quality of Water
Effect of Sea Water on Concrete
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...

