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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project
Published on: November 12, 2009
Intradialytic virtual reality exercise: Increasing physical activity through technology
Eva Segura-Ortí1, Alicia García-Testal2
1Physical Therapy Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
Abstract:
Intradialytic exercise can improve physical function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but is not implemented in routine clinical practice. Virtual reality (VR) exercise has resulted in benefits in non-dialysis contexts, but implementation in HD patients has been limited. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of VR, present the results of a 12-week intradialytic VR exercise intervention, and compare VR to conventional exercise. The secondary aim was to review the effect of VR exercise during the last 30 minutes of the HD session on hemodynamic stability. We conclude that VR exercise during HD is safe and can improve physical function and HRQoL, and can be performed safely toward the end of the HD session.
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