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Language01:16

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Consider a real-valued function defined on a closed interval. One of the fundamental objectives in calculus is to determine the area under the graph of such a function. When an exact computation is not readily available, this area can be estimated by dividing the interval into a finite number of equal subintervals. Each subinterval corresponds to a rectangle whose width is the length of the subinterval and whose height is determined by the value of the function at a selected point within that...
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Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
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The z-transform is a powerful mathematical tool used in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems. It is an essential analytical tool, analogous to the Laplace transform used in continuous-time systems. It plays a crucial role in the analysis of signals and systems, complementing the discrete-time Fourier transform. Both the z-transform and the Laplace transform convert differential or difference equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of solving complex problems.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Context Definition and Query Language: Conceptual Specification, Implementation, and Evaluation.

Alireza Hassani1, Alexey Medvedev2, Pari Delir Haghighi3

  • 1Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne 3145, Australia. ali.hassani@monash.edu.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Internet of Things (IoT) needs contextual intelligence for efficiency. We propose Context Definition and Query Language (CDQL) for seamless context sharing and querying in dynamic IoT environments.

Keywords:
CMPIoTcontextlanguagequery

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Information Technology
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) necessitates advanced contextual intelligence for optimal performance and sustainability.
  • Standardization efforts, particularly by ETSI, are crucial for enabling intelligent interactions among diverse IoT components.
  • A generic platform for context description and querying is vital for future IoT applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Context Definition and Query Language (CDQL) as a novel approach for context exchange, reuse, and sharing in IoT.
  • To enable dynamic querying of IoT entities based on situations defined by users.
  • To provide a flexible and powerful language for expressing contextual information requirements without exposing underlying data structures.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a context definition model for describing high-level context and situations.
  • Design of a Context Query Language (CQL) for flexible and dynamic context retrieval.
  • Exemplification of CDQL usage in smart city scenarios.
  • Performance evaluation to assess scalability and efficiency.

Main Results:

  • CDQL facilitates the exchange, reuse, and sharing of context among IoT entities.
  • The proposed query language allows dynamic querying based on user-defined situations and context entities.
  • Demonstrated applicability and effectiveness through smart city use cases.
  • Performance evaluations confirm the scalability and efficiency of CDQL.

Conclusions:

  • CDQL provides a generic and powerful solution for context management in IoT.
  • The language supports dynamic, situation-aware querying, enhancing IoT application capabilities.
  • CDQL is a scalable and efficient approach for handling numerous concurrent context queries in IoT ecosystems.