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Related Concept Videos

Virtual Work01:20

Virtual Work

1.4K
The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
In static equilibrium, a body can experience an imaginary or virtual movement, such as displacement or rotation. The virtual work done by a force is equal to the dot product of force and virtual displacement in the direction of the force. When it comes to virtually rotating a...
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Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving01:13

Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving

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The principle of virtual work is an essential concept in the field of mechanics and engineering. This is used to solve problems related to the equilibrium of a structure or system. It is based on the assumption that if a system is in equilibrium, the work done by all the forces during a virtual displacement is zero. This principle is applied by considering virtual displacements of the system and the corresponding work done by internal and external forces.
To apply the principle of virtual work,...
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Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies01:06

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

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Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
Next,...
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Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy01:26

Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy

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This lesson explores three gastrointestinal imaging techniques: radionuclide testing, colonic transit studies, and virtual colonoscopy.
Radionuclide Testing
Radionuclide testing is a sophisticated medical technique for assessing gastrointestinal motility. It focuses on gastric emptying and colonic transit time. Radioactive markers track the movement of food through the digestive system, providing insights into gastrointestinal disorders.
In gastric emptying studies, a meal's liquid and...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Virtual Simulation Experiment of Mechanics: Material Deformation and Failure Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Insights into in vitro biokinetics using Virtual Cell Based Assay simulations.

Susana Proença1,2, Alicia Paini1, Elisabeth Joossens1

  • 1European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.

ALTEX
|March 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Virtual Cell Based Assay (VCBA) models chemical behavior in lab tests, aiding toxicity experiment comparisons and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. This computational tool uses chemical properties to predict fate and effects.

Keywords:
in vitro biokineticsbioavailablein silicoacute exposure3T3 Balb/c

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Biokinetics

Background:

  • In vitro toxicity testing is crucial but requires context for comparing results across diverse chemicals and conditions.
  • Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models coupled with in vitro data can improve in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE).
  • The Virtual Cell Based Assay (VCBA) offers an in silico approach to simulate chemical biokinetics in in vitro systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize and validate the Virtual Cell Based Assay (VCBA) for simulating chemical biokinetics in specific in vitro experimental setups.
  • To assess the impact of physicochemical properties on chemical fate within in vitro environments.
  • To evaluate the utility of VCBA simulations for supporting toxicity data interpretation and IVIVE.

Main Methods:

  • The VCBA model was utilized, requiring physicochemical properties as input.
  • An in vitro dataset of 83 chemicals was used to optimize the toxicity and effects model parameters.
  • Simulations were performed for a 3T3 BALB/c cell line in a 96-well microplate with 5% serum, and for alternative conditions.

Main Results:

  • The study demonstrated how diverse chemical physicochemical properties influence their fate in vitro, affecting partitioning and kinetics.
  • VCBA simulations revealed interconnectedness of partitioning (protein, lipid, plastic) and kinetic (evaporation, degradation) processes.
  • Optimized parameters allowed for simulation of chemical behavior under varied experimental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The VCBA is a valuable tool for understanding chemical biokinetics in vitro, providing context for toxicity data.
  • The model aids in interpreting results from different in vitro experiments and supports IVIVE when integrated with PBK models.
  • Understanding the model's domain of applicability, assumptions, and uncertainties is crucial for reliable VCBA simulation interpretation.