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Related Concept Videos

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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
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This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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A flow cytometry method for bacterial quantification and biomass estimates in activated sludge.

M R Brown1, C L Hands1, T Coello-Garcia1

  • 1School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.

Journal of Microbiological Methods
|March 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a rapid, reproducible, and economical method for quantifying total bacteria in activated sludge. This technique overcomes limitations of traditional methods, improving engineered system monitoring.

Keywords:
Activated sludgeFlow cytometryTotal bacterial abundanceWastewater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical chemistry

Background:

  • Absolute bacterial quantification is crucial for engineered systems like activated sludge.
  • Existing methods are often tedious, laborious, biased, or receive less attention than sequencing.
  • Accurate bacterial counts are vital for understanding and optimizing these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize and validate a rapid flow cytometric protocol for enumerating total bacteria in activated sludge.
  • To compare flow cytometry (FCM) with epifluorescence microscopy (EFM) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) for bacterial quantification.
  • To assess potential biases and limitations of different quantification methods.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and optimized a flow cytometry (FCM) protocol for bacterial enumeration.
  • Validated the FCM protocol by comparing results with epifluorescence microscopy (EFM).
  • Performed statistical analyses to evaluate biases and compared counts with volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Flow cytometry (FCM) proved to be a rapid, reproducible, and economical technique.
  • FCM demonstrated fewer inherent errors and biases compared to epifluorescence microscopy (EFM).
  • Within-order-of-magnitude discrepancies were observed between FCM and EFM, with FCM showing greater precision.

Conclusions:

  • Flow cytometry (FCM) is a superior method for routine monitoring of total bacterial numbers and biomass in activated sludge.
  • FCM facilitates a better understanding of microbial ecology and operation of engineered systems.
  • The adoption of FCM can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of activated sludge process management.