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A novel 3D-printed microfluidic device enables precise liquid jet delivery for serial femtosecond crystallography. This advancement supports high-throughput protein structure determination using X-ray free-electron lasers.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Microfluidics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) requires efficient delivery of protein crystals to X-ray beams.
  • Existing sample delivery methods face challenges in precision and throughput for SFX experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and implement a novel liquid-jet sample delivery system for SFX.
  • To enable high-throughput and versatile sample delivery for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a microfluidic chip with an integrated gas dynamic virtual nozzle using 2-photon-polymerization 3D printing.
  • Integration of 2D lithography with direct 3D printing for precise nozzle production.
  • Characterization of liquid jet stability and diameter under various flow rates and conditions.

Main Results:

  • Stable liquid jets with diameters from 1.5 to over 20 µm were generated at flow rates from 1.5 to 100 µl/min.
  • The system demonstrated stable performance under both atmospheric and vacuum conditions.
  • The 3D printing approach allows for rapid prototyping and customization of nozzles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hybrid microfluidic system offers a versatile and high-throughput solution for sample delivery in SFX.
  • This technology streamlines the integration of complex microfluidic components and facilitates scale-up production.
  • The approach has potential applications beyond SFX, including flow cytometry and optofluidics.